ISO 15752-2010 眼科仪器.内发光器.光辐射安全的基本要求和试验方法

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【英文标准名称】:Ophthalmicinstruments-Endoilluminators-Fundamentalrequirementsandtestmethodsforopticalradiationsafety
【原文标准名称】:眼科仪器.内发光器.光辐射安全的基本要求和试验方法
【标准号】:ISO15752-2010
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:国际
【发布日期】:2010-01
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:国际标准化组织(IX-ISO)
【起草单位】:ISO/TC172
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:对视力的帮助;制造日期;定义;内照明器;眼睛检查;照明系统;处理;医疗设备;眼科光学;眼科学;光学仪器;光辐射;光学;包装件;辐射防护;安全;安全要求;规范(验收);眼镜镜片;外科学;外科设备;测试
【英文主题词】:Aidtovision;Dataofthemanufacturer;Definitions;Endoilluminators;Eyeexamination;Lightingsystems;Marking;Medicalequipment;Ophthalmicoptics;Ophthalmology;Opticalinstruments;Opticalradiation;Optics;Packages;Radiationprotection;Safety;Safetyrequirements;Specification(approval);Spectaclelenses;Surgery;Surgicalequipment;Testing
【摘要】:
【中国标准分类号】:C32
【国际标准分类号】:11_040_70
【页数】:7P;A4
【正文语种】:英语


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【英文标准名称】:StandardTestMethodforHotSpotProtectionTestingofPhotovoltaicModules
【原文标准名称】:光电模块的热点保护试验的标准试验方法
【标准号】:ASTME2481-2008
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:2008
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:E44.09
【标准类型】:(TestMethod)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:solar;energy;photovoltaics;modules;electricaltesting;hotspot;Electricaltests;Hotspots;Photovoltaic(PV)powersystems;Solarmaterials/applications;Testing
【摘要】:Thedesignofaphotovoltaicmoduleorsystemintendedtoprovidesafeconversionofthesun''sradiantenergyintousefulelectricitymusttakeintoconsiderationthepossibilityofpartialshadowingofthemodule(s)duringoperation.Thistestmethoddescribesaprocedureforverifyingthatthedesignandconstructionofthemoduleprovidesadequateprotectionagainstthepotentialharmfuleffectsofhotspotsduringnormalinstallationanduse.Thistestmethoddescribesaprocedurefordeterminingtheabilityofthemoduletoprovideprotectionfrominternaldefectswhichcouldcauselossofelectricalinsulationorcombustionhazards.Hot-spotheatingoccursinamodulewhenitsoperatingcurrentexceedsthereducedshort-circuitcurrent(Isc)ofashadowedorfaultycellorgroupofcells.Whensuchaconditionoccurs,theaffectedcellorgroupofcellsisforcedintoreversebiasandmustdissipatepower,whichcancauseoverheating.Note18212;Thecorrectuseofbypassdiodescanpreventhotspotdamagefromoccurring.Fig.1illustratesthehot-spoteffectinamoduleofaseriesstringofcells,oneofwhich,cellY,ispartiallyshadowed.TheamountofelectricalpowerdissipatedinYisequaltotheproductofthemodulecurrentandthereversevoltagedevelopedacrossY.Foranyirradiancelevel,whenthereversevoltageacrossYisequaltothevoltagegeneratedbytheremaining(s-1)cellsinthemodule,powerdissipationisatamaximumwhenthemoduleisshort-circuited.ThisisshowninFig.1bytheshadedrectangleconstructedattheintersectionofthereverseI-VcharacteristicofYwiththeimageoftheforwardI-Vcharacteristicofthe(s-1)cells.By-passdiodes,ifpresent,asshowninFig.2,beginconductingwhenaseries-connectedstringinamoduleisinreversebias,therebylimitingthepowerdissipationinthereduced-outputcell.Note28212;Ifthemoduledoesnotcontainbypassdiodes,checkthemanufacturerx2019;sinstructionstoseeifamaximumnumberofseriesmodulesisrecommendedbeforeinstallingbypassdiodes.Ifthemaximumnumberofmodulesrecommendedisgreaterthanone,thehotspottestshouldbepreformedwiththatnumberofmodulesinseries.Forconvenience,aconstantcurrentpowersupplymaybesubstitutedfortheadditionalmodulestomaintainthespecifiedcurrent.Thereversecharacteristicsofsolarcellscanvaryconsiderably.Cellscanhaveeitherhighshuntresistancewherethereverseperformanceisvoltage-limitedorhavelowshuntresistancewherethereverseperformanceiscurrent-limited.Eachofthesetypesofcellscansufferhotspotproblems,butindifferentways.Low-ShuntResistanceCells:Theworstcaseshadowingconditionsoccurwhenthewholecell(oralargefraction)isshadowed.Oftenlowshuntresistancecellsarethiswaybecauseoflocalizedshunts.Inthiscasehotspotheatingoccursbecausealargeamountofcurrentflowsinasmallarea.Becausethisisalocalizedphenomenon,thereisagreatdealofscatterinperformanceofthistypeofcell.Cellswiththelowestshuntresistancehaveahighlikelihoodofoperatingatexcessivelyhightemperatureswhenreversebiased.Becausetheheatingislocalized,hotspotfailuresoflowshuntresistancecellsoccurquickly.HighShuntResistanceCells:Theworstcaseshadowingco.........
【中国标准分类号】:F12
【国际标准分类号】:27_160
【页数】:5P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语


基本信息
标准名称:运载火箭液体推进剂安全检测规定
中标分类: 航空、航天 >> 航空、航天综合 >> 基础标准与通用方法
ICS分类: 航空器和航天器工程 >> 航空器与航天器综合
发布日期:1999-03-30
实施日期:1999-06-01
首发日期:
作废日期:
出版日期:
页数:11页
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所属分类: 航空 航天 航空 航天综合 基础标准与通用方法 航空器和航天器工程 航空器与航天器综合